QUESTION 1
In large samples, the sampling distribution of the risk difference is approximately ?
| a-normal | ||
| b-
Skewed |
||
| c. t | ||
| d. F |
0.67 points
QUESTION 2
Plus-four confidence interval method for a difference in proportions is accurate in samples as small as
| a. 100 per group | ||
| b. 50 per group | ||
| c. 25 per group | ||
| d. 5 per group |
0.67 points
QUESTION 3
Which of the following is not a requirement for consideration before continuing with the calculation of a sample size in an observational study observing the difference in incidence of disease X based on exposure?
| a. Projected drop-out rate to inflate the sample size estimate based on the projected loss to follow-up in a study. | ||
| b. A predetermined power for the study to detect a difference when one actually exists. | ||
| c. The correlation coefficient between the two groups being compared. | ||
| d. The informed estimation of the incidence in both groups being compared. |
0.67 points
QUESTION 4
Which of the following is not an example of systematic error in an observational study?
| a. A cross-sectional study recruits participants that are willing to sign up outside of a major university and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria to take part in the survey relating unsafe sex habits to STIs. | ||
| b. A researcher is interested in the relationship between coffee drinking and lung cancer, and after careful multivariate linear regression modeling determines that a significant percentage of the relationship is due to another variable, cigarette smoking. | ||
| c. An observational study recruits participants for a study looking at Alzheimer’s disease due to exposure to industrial hazards by asking participants to recall their exposure over the past 10 years. | ||
| d. A data-entry specialist responsible for adding in fasting glucose levels to a database accidentally skipped an observation during the input phase of data cleaning. |
0.67 points
QUESTION 5
Proportions are tested for a significant _____ difference?
| a. “random” | ||
| b. “nonrandom” | ||
| c. “indifferent” | ||
| d. “noisy” |
0.67 points
QUESTION 6
What is not a method for testing proportions for significance?
| a. z test (large sample) | ||
| b. Fisher’s exact procedure (small samples) | ||
| c. the chi-square test | ||
| d. the Wassermann test |
0.67 points
QUESTION 7
In calculating for tests of proportions for small samples (fewer than 5 successes expected in either group), avoid the z test and use
| a. the exact Fisher or Mid-P procedure | ||
| b. the asymptotic procedure | ||
| c. the random event generator | ||
| d. the special theory of relativity |
0.67 points
QUESTION 8
Before conducting Fisher’s test, data are rearranged to form a
| a. 1-by-2 table | ||
| b. 2-by-1 table | ||
| c. 2-by-2 table | ||
| d. A single row table |
0.67 points
QUESTION 9
The best way to calculate a p value for a Fisher’s Exact is to
| a. Use an adding machine | ||
| b. Use computer program | ||
| c. Call a statistician | ||
| d. Use pencil and paper |
0.67 points
QUESTION 10
The RR (risk ratio or prevalence ratios) is a risk
| a. multiplier, e.g., an RR of 2 suggests that the exposure doubles risk | ||
| b. adder, e.g., an RR of 2 suggests that the exposure sums risk | ||
| c. divider, e.g., an RR of 2 suggests that the exposure divides risk | ||
| d. neutralizer, e.g., an RR of 2 suggests that the exposure neutralizes risk |
0.67 points
QUESTION 11
When p1 = p2 , RR = 1.
| a. This is the “multiplier RR,” indicating increased association. | ||
| b. This is the “baseline RR,” indicating no association. | ||
| c. This is the “small effect RR,” indicating slightly increased association. | ||
| d. This is the “population RR,” indicating population prevalent association. |
0.67 points
QUESTION 12
An RR of 1.15 indicates
| a. No association; | ||
| b. a negative association; specifically, 15% lower risk (in relative terms) with exposure. | ||
| c. a positive association; specifically, 15% higher risk (in relative terms) with exposure. | ||
| d. a positive association; specifically, 115% higher risk (in relative terms) with exposure. |
0.67 points
QUESTION 13
In observational studies, systematic errors are often _____important than random sampling error?
| a. Less | ||
| b. Equally | ||
| c. More | ||
| d. None of the above |
0.67 points
QUESTION 14
The three types of systematic error considered do not include
| a. Confounding | ||
| b. Information bias | ||
| c. Selection bias | ||
| d. Random sampling error |
0.67 points
QUESTION 15
Nondifferential misclassification tends to bias results
| a. Away from the null and show a positive effect. | ||
| b. can bias results in either direction. | ||
| c. toward the null (or have no effect). | ||
| d. Away from the null and show a negative effect. |
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